WASHINGTON — As the saying goes, all roads once led to Rome — and those roads stretched 50% longer than previously known, according to a new digital atlas published Thursday.
The last major atlas of ancient Roman road networks was released 25 years ago. Since then, advances in technology and access to newly available sources have greatly expanded researchers’ ability to locate ancient roadways.
Over the course of five years, a team of archaeologists combed through historical records, ancient journals, locations of milestones, and other archival data. Scientists then sought clues in satellite imagery and aerial photography, including recently digitized photos taken from planes during World War II.
When ancient accounts hinted at lost roads in certain areas, researchers analyzed the terrain from above to spot subtle traces — such as differences in vegetation, soil variations, or shifts in elevation. They also looked for remnants of ancient engineering like raised mounds or cut hillsides, which revealed where Roman lanes once ran.
“It becomes a massive game of connecting the dots on a continental scale,” said Tom Brughmans, an archaeologist and co-author of the study published in *Scientific Data*.
The data and an interactive digital map are available online for scholars, history teachers, and anyone interested in ancient Roman history.
Earlier research had focused on “the highways of the Roman Empire” — the large thoroughfares most often mentioned in familiar historical accounts, Brughmans explained. The updated map adds many more obscure details, including “secondary roads, like the country lanes, that connected villas and farms” and other locations, he said. Brughmans is based at Aarhus University in Denmark.
Researchers had previously estimated the total extent of Roman roads to be around 117,163 miles (188,555 kilometers). The new work shows nearly 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) of roads spanning the Roman Empire, allowing travel from Spain to Syria.
The study also significantly expands archaeologists’ knowledge of ancient roads in North Africa, the plains of France, and the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece.
“This will be a very foundational work for a lot of other research,” said archaeologist Benjamin Ducke of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin, who was not involved in the project. However, he noted one caveat: it remains unclear if all of the roads were ever open and active at the same time.
Being able to visualize the ancient routes that Roman farmers, soldiers, diplomats, and other travelers took will provide a better understanding of key historical trends that depended on the movement of people during Roman times, Brughmans said. These include the rise of Christianity across the region and the spread of ancient outbreaks.
“The Romans left a huge impact with this road network,” which created the blueprint for many roads still in use today, said study co-author and archaeologist Adam Pažout of the Autonomous University of Barcelona.
Roman engineering feats such as arched stone bridges and tunnels through hillsides continue to shape the geography and economy of the Mediterranean region and beyond, he added.
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